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Wetlands, precious ecosystems that shield coastlines, safeguard drinking water from saltwater contamination, and nourish diverse wildlife, face a dire threat from the accelerating pace of sea-level rise, driven by global warming. Wetlands have historically adapted to rising sea levels by expanding upward and inland. However, predictions indicate that the waterline will soon shift far too rapidly for wetlands to keep pace. Consequently, future decades may witness the tragic loss of these vital wetland ecosystems. Wetlands along coastlines have historically played valuable roles for people and wildlife, but are now facing the threat of sea-level rise. As temperatures rise, sea levels are rising at an accelerating rate, and wetlands are unable to keep pace by building upward and migrating inland. This is due to human-induced climate change and the burning of fossil fuels, which has warmed the oceans and melted glaciers. Sea levels are now rising at about 10 millimeters per year, and are

OPINION: Allocation of Risk on Construction Projects

In response to the post State’s approach to construction mafia is ‘contradictory’ in which Sanral is accused of shifting the risk as far as the "construction mafia" is concerned.Graham Teede said similar risk shifting in Contracts is happening in Australia and causing much angst amongst those Contractors caught up in this practice. Fortunately they have a body the Australian Building Crime Corruption Commission (ABCC) it is the Industry Watch Dog it works very well although still some weakness but overall it works successfully prosecuting Companies, Directors , Unions and Officials

Graham suggests that our local industry should consider a similar model to deal with allocation of risk when it comes to the "construction mafia".Do you agree with him?

Allocation of Risk on Construction Projects

The allocation of Risk in a Project mostly is biased towards the Main Contractors very rarely will the Client put his hand up to take a portion of the Risk for whatever it is , then the proverbial vultures are circling. 

There are various levels of Risk and acceptable Risk for the Main Contractor and he will diligently make that Assessment at the time of Tender then clearly clarifying this in their Bid. 

As the Project progresses various items, scope change , latent conditions etc are encountered during the Works and then various Instructions , Change Orders are issued accordingly but from time to time the Client sneaks in or just arrives at a point where he thinks for whatever reason that the Contractor should or needs to incur that Risk and should have either made it his business to find out about it, hardly fair and reasonable you would think. 


The Client for most parts is responsible for providing; 

  • A Site suitable for constructing the Project on ,
  • undertaking the various due diligence on ground conditions ,
  • design and approvals.
  • Providing compliant Design and Drawings to undertake the Works so as to comply with the necessary Standards.
  • Providing a Consultant Team experienced in assisting the delivery of the Project. 
The Contractor is responsible for delivering ; 
  • A Project that complies to the Design Drawings and the Intent of the Design. 
  • Deliver the Project in line with the Budget Estimate and in a timely Manner. 
  • Deliver the Project in a Tradesman like manner. 
  • Deliver the Project in a safe manner free of LTI’s. 
There may be other points for both parties but generally this is accepted state of play. Then for whatever reason the Client insists on imposing additional Risk onto the Contractor and his Subcontractors, why you may ask as do the Contractors. Along with a Contract end date which does not change. 

As Contractors are exposed on many fronts most of this exposure is related to Cash Flow , without cash the Contractor and his Subcontractors will slowly start to struggle and fall over leaving a path of destruction of lost jobs , unpaid debts etc. 

You may ask what causes this “brain snap” is it lack of experience by the Clients Project team , may be its just greed from the Client or it could be that the relationship has soured so badly over the life of the Contract this is a way to squeeze the Contractor until he usually quits out of frustration. 

Whatever the reasons from both sides it is an unsatisfactory position to get into, surely there is a safer way of delivering Projects for the benefit of all parties. 


Australian Building and Construction Commission 

The Australian Building and Construction Commission is the keeper of standards for the Building and Construction sectors. The ABCC promotes understanding and enforces compliance with Australia’s workplace laws in the Building and Construction Industry. 

If you are an employee. 

You have a set of rights and requirements that will protect you as you go about your work with intimidation from others. The ABCC monitors and promotes compliance with the BCIIP Act , designated building laws and the Code by building industry participants who perform building work. 

If you are a Contractor or Subcontractor. 

The Main contractor is the entity who manages or controls a building site. 

Their responsibilities including engaging subcontractors and ensuring that all requirements of the Code are met, when they are contracted to undertake Commonwealth funded building work . 

Subcontractors are entities or individuals engaged by a Main contractor, or another subcontractor, to undertake building work. They aren’t responsible for management or control of 

There are other requirements that cover; 


  • Tendering 
  • Engaging Subcontractors 
  • Construction phase 
  • Compliance with the Code

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